Review
Here is what we have learned from this unit:
- Ancient Egyptians first recorded cancer as a disease.
From papyrus manuscripts and hieroglyphic inscriptions we
learned that some 4500 years ago, attempts were already
made by Egyptians to understand cancer and to treat the
cancer patients, using surgery and magical treatments.
- In Greece and Rome, and throughout the Middle Ages, cancer
was continuously regarded as a disease caused by an excess
of black bile. While surgeries were carried out to treat
cancer, doctors believed that the disease was curable only
in its earliest stages and best left alone.
- In the 16th century, the theory that cancer was caused
by an excess of black bile continued to prevail.
- During the 17th century, the old theory of disease based
on bodily humors was discarded when Gaspare Aselli discovered
the vessels of the lymphatic system and suggested abnormalities
of lymph as the primary cause of cancer.
- Observations on environmental cancers were made in the
18th century. People started research on the connection
between certain environments and cancer incidence patterns.
With the first systematic experiments in cancer, oncology
was born as a medical discipline.
- In the late 19th century, study of cancer tissues and
tumors revealed that cancer cells were markedly different
in appearance than normal cells of surrounding tissue.
- In the early 20th century, cancer research in cell culture,
chemical carcinogens, diagnostic techniques and chemotherapy
firmly established oncology as an experimental science.
- In 1937, the U.S. Congress passed the National Cancer
Institute Act with a unanimous vote, creating the National
Cancer Institute.
- In 1971, President Richard Nixon signed the National Cancer
Act, launching a National Cancer Program administered by
the National Cancer Institute.
Quiz
It's time to see how much you have learned from this unit.
A multiple-choice quiz, including five questions, has been
created to give you an opportunity to reinforce what you have
learned.
Since the quiz is created as an incentive for learning, rather
than an objective evaluation of learning results, the score
of the quiz will not be captured and will not be recorded.
Feedback to your answer is provided instantaneously, so you
may select another choice if your first choice is not the
correct one.
These quiz questions are grouped into three sets (two sets
of two questions each and the last set of one question) to
reduce the size of the content on each page. When you finish
the questions in one set, click the navigation arrows in the
Title Bar to go to the next page. Please click here
to take the quiz.
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